EDUCATION

Burgess, S., Sievertsen, H. H., (April 2020). Schools, skills and learning: The impact of COVID-19 on education. Retrieved on June 28, 2020 from https://voxeu.org/article/impact-covid-19-education

David J. Johns, D. (2016) Disrupting Implicit Racial Bias and Other Forms of Discrimination to Improve Access, Achievement, and Wellness for Students of Color. Retrieved on June 26, 2020 from https://sites.ed.gov/whieeaa/files/2016/10/Disrupting-Implicit-Bias-FINAL.pdf

Johnson, T., Boyden, J., & Pittz, William J. (2001). Racial Profiling and Punishment in U.S. Public Schools: How Zero Tolerance Policies and High Stakes Testing Subvert Academic Excellence and Racial Equity. Research Report [and] Executive Summary. Retrieved on June 28, 2020 from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED461921.pdf

BOWMAN, B., JAMES, P. COMER, J., & DAVID J. JOHNS, D., (May 2018). Addressing the African American Achievement Gap: Three Leading Educators Issue a Call to Action. Young Children publication. Retrieved on June 28, 2020 from https://www.naeyc.org/resources/pubs/yc/may2018/achievement-gap

Nittle, N. K (February 2020). “How Racism Affects Minority Students in Public Schools”. Thoughco.com. Retrieved on June 27, 2020 from https://www.thoughtco.com/how-racism-affects-public-school-minorities-4025361

Mineo, Liz (April 2020). “Time to fix American education with race-for-space resolve”The Harvard Gazette. Retrieved on June 27, 2020 from https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/04/the-pandemics-impact-on-education/

U.S. Department of Education Office (March 2014) “Data Snapshot: School Discipline.” Civil Rights Data Collection. U.S. Department of Education Office for Civil Rights. Retrieved on June 27, 2020 from https://ocrdata.ed.gov/Downloads/CRDC-School-Discipline-Snapshot.pdf.

Powell JA. (2008) Structural Racism: Building upon the Insights of John Calmore. North Carolina Law Review. 86:791–816. Retrieved on June 27 from https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4312&context=nclr

Grissom, Jason A., and Christopher Redding. “Discretion and Disproportionality: Explaining the Underrepresentation of High-Achieving Students of Color in Gifted Programs.” AERA Open, 18 Jan. 2016, doi:10.1177/2332858415622175. Retrieved on June 27, 2020 from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2332858415622175

Card, David, and Laura Giuliano. “Universal Screening Increases the Representation of Low-Income and Minority Students in Gifted Education.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 113, no. 48, 29 Nov. 2016, pp. 13678-13683., doi:10.1073/pnas.1605043113. Retrieved on June 27, 2020 from https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/113/48/13678.full.pdf

Javdani, Shabnam. “Policing Education: An Empirical Review of the Challenges and Impact of the Work of School Police Officers.” American Journal of Community Psychology, vol. 63, no. 3-4, June 2019, pp. 253-269., doi:10.1002/ajcp.12306. Retrieved on June 27, 2020 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6597313/pdf/nihms-1013317.pdf

McArdle, Nancy, and Dolores Acevedo-Garcia. “Consequences of Segregation for Children’s Opportunity and Wellbeing.” A Shared Future: Fostering Communities of Inclusion in an Era of Inequality. Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies, 2017. Retrieved on June 27, 2020 from https://www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/a_shared_future_consequences_of_segregation_for_children.pdf

Reardon, Sean F. 2015. “School Segregation and Racial Academic Achievement Gaps.” Working Paper No. 15-12. Stanford Center for Education Policy Analysis. Retrieved on June 27, 2020 from https://cepa.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/wp15-12v201510.pdf

Palardy, G. (August 2013) High School Socioeconomic Segregation and Student Attainment. American Educational Research Journal Vol. 50, No. 4 (August 2013), pp. 714-754. Published by: American Educational Research Association https://www.jstor.org/stable/23526103
Card, D., & Rothstein, J. (2007). Racial segregation and the black–white test score gap. Journal of Public Economics, 91(11), 2158-2184 Retrieved on June 27, 2020 from https://eml.berkeley.edu/~jrothst/publications/card_rothstein_jan07.pdf

Darling-Hammond, Linda. (2001). “Apartheid in American Education: How Opportunity Is Rationed to Children of Color in the United States.” In Racial Profiling and Punishment in U.S. Public Schools: How Zero Tolerance Policies and High Stakes Testing Subvert Academic Excellence and Racial Equity, edited by Tammy Johnson, Jennifer Emiko Boyden, and William J. Pittz. Oakland, Calif.: Applied Research Center. Retrieved on June 28, 2020 from

Chetty, R., Hendren, N., & Katz, L. F. (2015). The effects of exposure to better neighborhoods on children: New evidence from the Moving to Opportunity experiment. Harvard University. Retrieved on June 27, 2020 from https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/lkatz/files/chk_aer_mto_0416.pdf

Ayscue, J., Frankenberg, E., & Siegel-Hawley, G., (March 2017) The National Coalition on School Diversity; Research Brief: The Complementary Benefits of Racial and Socioeconomic Diversity in Schools. N.10. Retrieved on June 27, 2020 from https://school-diversity.org/pdf/DiversityResearchBriefNo10.pdf

Anderson, M., & Collins, P., Race, Class and Gender 7th edition: Why Race, Class, Gender Still Matter. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Retrieved on June 27, 2020 from
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2804/7ed0c69c4d172061de026c2e141b7875d9d5.pdf

Raufu, Abiodun. “School-to-Prison Pipeline: Impact of School Discipline on African American Students.” Journal of Education & Social Policy, vol. 7, no. 1, Mar. 2017. Retrieved on June 27, 2020 from http://jespnet.com/journals/Vol_4_No_1_March_2017/6.pdf

Smith, C (2009). Deconstructing the Pipeline: Evaluating School-to-Prison Pipeline Equal Protection Cases through a Structural Racism Framework. Fordham Urban Law Journal Volume 36 | Number 5 Article 5 Retrieved on June 27, 2020 from https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2632&context=ulj

Godsil, R., Linda R. Tropp, L., Goff, P., & Powell, J. (Nov 2014). THE SCIENCE OF EQUALITY, VOLUME 1: ADDRESSING IMPLICIT BIAS, RACIAL ANXIETY, AND STEREOTYPE THREAT IN EDUCATION AND HEALTH CARE. Perception Institute. Retrieved on June 28, 2020 from https://www.law.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/ScienceofEquality_web.pdf

Sabina E. Vaught & Angelina E. Castagno (2008) “I don’t think I’m a racist”: Critical Race Theory, teacher attitudes, and structural racism, Race Ethnicity and Education, 11:2, 95-113, DOI: 10.1080/13613320802110217. Retrieved June 26 from https://hartfordschools.org/files/Equity%20Page/Vaught__Castagno_2008.pdf

Fulbright-Anderson, et al., (2005). “Structural Racism and Youth Development: Issues, Challenges, and Implications.” Aspen Institute Roundtable on Community Change. Retrieved on June 26, 2020 from https://www.racialequitytools.org/resourcefiles/aspeninst4.pdf.

Gershenson, S., & T.S. Dee. 2017. “The Insidiousness of Unconscious Bias in Schools.” Brown Center Chalkboard (blog). Brookings. Retrieved on June 27, 2020 from https://www.brookings.edu/blog/brown-center-chalkboard/2017/03/20/the-insidiousness-of-unconscious-bias-in-schools/.

Colgan, B. (2020). BEYOND GRADUATION: ECONOMIC SANCTIONS AND STRUCTURAL REFORM. (DUKE LAW JOURNAL. Vol. 69 Retrieved on June 27, 2020 from https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4025&context=dlj

Raufu, Abiodun. (Mar 2017) “School-to-Prison Pipeline: Impact of School Discipline on African American Students.” Journal of Education & Social Policy, vol. 7, no. 1,. Retrieved on June 27, 2020 from http://jespnet.com/journals/Vol_4_No_1_March_2017/6.pdf

Dr. Moore, K. (May 2020). Structural Racism is a public health crisis. Thurgood Marshall Institute Brief. Retrieved on June 27, 2020 from https://tminstituteldf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Structural-Racism-is-a-Public-Health-v2.pdf

Peter Wagner, P ( Aug 28, 2012). Incarceration is not an equal opportunity punishment, Prison Policy Initiative. Retrieved on June 27,2020 from https://www.prisonpolicy.org/graphs/raceinc.html

Harvard Kennedy School (April 2020) Assessing the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on correctional institutions, Retrieved on April 10, 2020 from https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/04/harvard-kennedy-school-assesses-the-effect-of-pandemic-on-prisons/

Walsh, C (April 2020) In prisons, a looming coronavirus crisis, Retrieved on April 2, 2020 from https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/04/harvard-professors-call-to-help-incarcerated-population/

Zinzuwadia, N (June 2020). RACIAL DISPARITIES IN JAILS AND PRISONS: COVID-19’S IMPACT ON THE BLACK COMMUNITY. Retrieved on June 27, 2020 from https://www.acluwv.org/en/news/racial-disparities-jails-and-prisons-covid-19s-impact-black-community

MATSUEDA, R., & DRAKULICH, K., Perceptions of Criminal Injustice, Symbolic Racism, and Racial Politics. Retrieved on June 27, 2020 from http://faculty.washington.edu/matsueda/Papers/Perceived%20Injustice.pdf

Kurtzleben, Danielle. “Data Show Racial Disparity in Crack Sentencing”. US News & World Report. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved on June 2020 from https://web.archive.org/web/20150706230958/http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2010/08/03/data-show-racial-disparity-in-crack-sentencing

Stemen, Don (January 2007). “Reconsidering Incarceration: New Directions for Reducing Crime” . New York: Vera Institute of Justice. Retrieved on June 2020 from https://www.prisonpolicy.org/scans/vera/379_727.pdf

“The NYPD’s black-box problem”. NYDailyNews.com. Retrieved on June 2020 from https://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/nypd-black-box-problem-article-1.1543951

“Former New York Cop Blows Lid Off Drug-Planting Scheme”. BET.com. .Retrieved on June 2020 from https://www.bet.com/news/national/2011/10/14/nypd-officer-blows-lid-off-drug-planting-scheme.html

“Race and the Death Penalty”. American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved on June 26, 2020 from https://www.aclu.org/other/race-and-death-penalty

Runa Rajagopal, (Sept 2016) Building Justice: How Segregation Enables Over-Policing of Communities of Color, City Limits. Retrieved on June 26, 2020 from https://citylimits.org/2016/09/26/how-segregated-housing-enables-over-policing-of-low-income-communities-of-color/

Powell JA. (2008) Structural Racism: Building upon the Insights of John Calmore. North Carolina Law Review. 86:791–816. Retrieved on June 27 from https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4312&context=nclr

Winterbourne, Matt. “United States drug policy: The scientific, economic, and social issues surrounding marijuana”. Retrieved on June 26, 2020 from http://web.stanford.edu/group/journal/cgi-bin/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Winterbourne_SocSci_2012.pdf

“Report Upon the Illegal Practices of the United States Department of Justice”. ACLU. 28 May 1920. Retrieved on June 26, 2020 from http://debs.indstate.edu/n277t6_1920.pdf

“Mandatory sentencing was once America’s law-and-order panacea. Here’s why it’s not working” . Families Against Mandatory Minimums. Retrieved on June 27, 2020 from https://www.prisonpolicy.org/scans/famm/Primer.pdf

The Sentencing Project. (March 2018). Report of The Sentencing Project to the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerance Regarding Racial Disparities in the United States Criminal Justice System. Retrieved on June 28, 2020 from
https://www.sentencingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/UN-Report-on-Racial-Disparities.pdf

The Sentencing Project. (Sept 2027) FACT SHEET: BLACK DISPARITIES IN YOUTH INCARCERATION. (Retrieved on June 28, 2020 from https://www.sentencingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Black-Disparities-in-Youth-Incarceration.pdf

Kramer, John H., and Jeffrey T. Ulmer. (March 2013) “Sentencing Disparities in the Criminal Justice System.” In Final Report of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court Committee on Racial and Gender Bias in the Judicial System, chapter 4, 126–62. Retrieved on June 28, 2020 from http://www.pa-interbranchcommission.com/_pdfs/FinalReport.pdf

Fulbright-Anderson, et al., (2005). “Structural Racism and Youth Development: Issues, Challenges, and Implications.” Aspen Institute Roundtable on Community Change. Retrieved on June 26, 2020 from https://www.racialequitytools.org/resourcefiles/aspeninst4.pdf.